Acuson Corporation
Address:
1220 Charleston Road
P.O. Box 7393
Mountain View, California 94039-7393
U.S.A.
Telephone: (650) 969-9112
Toll Free: 800-422-8766
Fax: (650) 961-4726
http://www.acuson.com
Statistics:
Public Company
Incorporated: 1981
Employees: 1,932
Sales: $475.9 million (1999)
Stock Exchanges: New York
Ticker Symbol: ACN
NAIC: 334510 Electromedical and Electrotherapeutic Apparatus Manufacturing
Company Perspectives:
Acuson's mission is to design, develop and manufacture medical diagnostic ultrasound products that will continue to meet the needs of hospitals, clinics and private practice physicians into the next century.
Key Dates:
1981: Samuel Maslak and partners incorporate Acuson Corporation.
1983: The company's first product, the Acuson 128 ultrasound system, is launched.
1985: Marketing of the Doppler option for cardiology applications begins.
1990: The 128XP hits the market.
1992: The AEGIS digital image and data management system is first marketed.
1996: Company introduces the Sequoia and Aspen ultrasound systems.
1999: Ecton, Inc., developer of a portable ultrasound system, is acquired.
2000: Marketing of the AcuNav diagnostic ultrasound catheter begins.
Company History:
Acuson Corporation is one of the top manufacturers of ultrasound imaging equipment for medical diagnosis. These systems beam low-power, high-frequency sound waves into the body, and the returning echoes are processed as real-time, static, or moving images of internal organs, tissue, and blood flows. Acuson's ultrasound products are used in hospitals and medical centers throughout the world in a variety of applications, including radiology, cardiology, and obstetrics/gynecology.
Company Founding and Rapid Success
Founder Samuel Maslak became interested in ultrasound in the early 1970s, when he was a doctoral student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). At that time, his wife was pregnant with their second child, and doctors ordered an examination of the fetus using ultrasound to test for intrauterine growth retardation. His daughter turned out to be fine, but Maslak noted that the existing technology was relatively crude. Moreover, he recognized that ultrasound had the potential to give doctors a tremendous amount of information, noninvasively, about the body. Maslak thus found a subject for his dissertation, as well as the keystone for what would eventually become a $475 million company.
After graduating from MIT, Maslak moved to California to work on ultrasound for Hewlett-Packard Company. While his achievement in creating and patenting a key subsystem of the company's ultrasound system was recognized, Hewlett-Packard did not want to press ahead with additional improvements. Maslak believed, however, that much greater advances could be made, and he left the company in December 1978, continuing to investigate ultrasound technology and the potential market for innovative products. Over the next nine months, he supported himself through a part-time job as a circuit design consultant, drawing on personal savings and home equity as well.
In September 1979, Maslak formed a general partnership with Robert Younge, a colleague at Hewlett-Packard; another engineer, Amin Hanafy, came on board in 1981. Maslak later asserted that instead of aiming at an immediate market introduction, the three spent much of their time thinking about how they could contribute to the industry's development. During this period, they picked up $100,000 in seed money from entrepreneur Karl Johannsmeier, and, late in 1981, the three partners distributed a business plan among several venture capital firms. While all of the firms expressed interest in the company, the partners decided that, aside from Johannsmeier, they would limit their outside investors to the firm of Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers of Palo Alto. Kleiner, Perkins initially invested $2.5 million, raising another $22 million over the next three years. The partners filed incorporation papers in 1981, and two years later Acuson introduced its first ultrasound machine. Acuson gained a listing on the New York Stock Exchange in 1986, raising $21 million in an initial public offering.
Describing industry conditions during this time, Business Week observed that 'the market is nearly saturated, and sales have started to slip,' while one of Acuson's competitors characterized the industry as 'very difficult ... to break into, because the mature companies can quickly match any advances that come along.' Nevertheless, the fledgling Acuson increased its sales from $3 million in 1983 to $18 million in 1984, while revenues rose 60 percent or more annually, reaching $169 million by 1988. Moreover, following the usual initial losses for a start-up company during this time, Acuson's pretax margins reached 13 percent in 1985, and from 1986 to 1988 they were a superlative 24 to 26 percent. Acuson managed to overcome the odds through the superiority of its products.
Ultrasound was often the physician's imaging technique of choice because it was noninvasive, easy to use, and relatively inexpensive. Although good for soft tissue, the ultrasound could not penetrate bone or air-filled tissue and was, therefore, not used to examine the brain or lungs, for example. In a wide variety of applications, however, ultrasound was the first test that doctors ordered, being both the safest (there was no ionizing radiation or toxic dye) and the cheapest.
Given the strong preference for ultrasound testing, Maslak predicted that hospitals and doctors would be willing to pay more&mdash much as 30 percent more--for superior equipment that produced a clearer, sharper image. Acuson's first offering, the Acuson 128 ultrasound system, was so named because it was equipped with 128 separate transmit/receive channels for image formation, which enabled it to produce a better picture than existing machines that had only 64 channels.
The Acuson system could utilize more channels because it was based on a hybrid analog/digital computer. Although computer technologies had long been used in ultrasound systems to control ancillary functions, such as measurements and calculations, in Acuson's machines the image itself was formed in an ultrasound computer under software control. As in photography, conventional ultrasound technology produced images that had much sharper resolution in the focal center of their fields than elsewhere. In contrast, Acuson systems could electronically focus at each point of the field of view, optimize the lens aperture at each focal point, and substantially filter out stray reflected sound ordinarily captured by conventional units. The result was superior pictures that doctors widely praised. Indeed, in some cases it allowed them to make diagnoses that would have been unlikely using conventional equipment. In addition, Acuson systems proved extremely reliable, with up-time of better than 99.9 percent.
The emphasis on computer technology was also essential to the second key factor in Acuson's success: field upgradeability. Every unit that Acuson sold could be upgraded, at the customer's site, to the level of the most advanced current model, simply by adding new software. Although complete upgradeability would appear to act as a drag on sales of new machines, sales of new units continued to rise in the 1980s, since doctors continued to find new applications in which Acuson's products outperformed those of competitors.
Late 1980s: Continued Growth and International Expansion
Acuson's string of impressive sales increases reflected its commitment to upgrading its technology. Outlays for product development rose from $2 million in 1983 to $18 million in 1988, representing ten to 12 percent of sales for most of this period. In late 1985, Acuson began to market its Doppler option, which measured the velocity of blood flow in the heart and major arteries. Doppler could instantly alert doctors to constricted blood flow in a vessel, helping them determine the extent of the blockage and the need for further intervention. In September 1987, Acuson shipped its first color Doppler imaging system, an important diagnostic tool for physicians since it allowed them to visualize directly the flow of blood, depicted as a color overlay on the standard black and white ultrasound image.
Early on, Acuson established an international presence, setting up operations in the United Kingdom and Germany. Wholly owned sales and service subsidiaries followed in Sweden and Australia in 1986 and in Canada and France in 1987. The company also began to make significant shipments to China and other Asian markets. By 1989, 18 percent of Acuson's sales, $40 million, came from international operations, up 68 percent from the prior year.
That year, Acuson passed several milestones. Cardiology equipment became its second largest segment, after radiology. Acuson employed more than 1,000 people worldwide, and sales surged beyond the $200 million level for the first time, rising 35 percent from the prior-year total to $227 million. Profitability remained stunning, with gross, pretax, and net margins at 62, 27, and 17 percent. Net income rose to $38 million, up 40 percent from the prior year and more than double the $17 million recorded in 1987.
Early 1990s: Reversal of Fortunes
In July 1990, Acuson introduced its 128XP, its first new system mainframe since it entered the ultrasound market in 1983. The new model featured Vector Array, which provided a wider field of view in many ultrasound applications where anatomical access to the organ of interest was limited, such as when imaging near ribs, wounds, sutures, or bandages. The new machine also provided for higher resolution and higher quality images. The company continued to post record results; sales for the year totaled $282 million (up 24 percent) and net earnings were $48 million (up 26 percent). Strong performance continued in 1991, as sales grew 19 percent and earnings 22 percent. During that year, the company introduced the 128XP Xcelerator, which significantly enhanced the capabilities that the 128XP had introduced. The following year came the debut of the AEGIS digital image and data management system, through which ultrasound images could be captured electronically for storage and viewing at personal computer-based review stations.
Also in 1992, Acuson suffered its first significant reversal. During a period of economic recession worldwide, hospitals became more cost-conscious and, instead of buying new systems, they were making do with older equipment. Moreover, the ultrasound market had been driven by dramatic technological improvements, and while the company's new products represented significant advances, they were not as revolutionary as those it had introduced in the 1980s. Earnings dropped from $59 million to $37 million on basically flat sales of $343 million. Acuson's decline in net income was also a result of its increased expenses for expanding the field sales organization and for product development. Indeed, while other companies cut research and development when business conditions worsened, Acuson continued to increase product development expenditures, regardless of market conditions; outlays more than doubled to $47 million between 1989 and 1992, representing almost 14 percent of total sales.
Acuson's hopes for a quick turnaround in 1993 were dashed when Bill Clinton assumed the U.S. presidency. Clinton's plans for healthcare reform caused a great deal of uncertainty in the medical sector, and makers of ultrasound equipment--like those of other medical devices--found that hospitals and clinics were postponing significant new purchases until they had a clearer idea of the possible impacts of new healthcare plans. In this tough business climate, the company decided to cut its workforce by 15 percent and took a $12 million charge for restructuring costs. In addition, continuing recessions in Europe and Japan hurt overseas markets, and international sales fell from $88 million to $78 million, or about 26 percent of total revenue. For the year, worldwide sales at Acuson were down 14 percent to $295 million, while earnings tumbled 89 percent to just $4 million.
Acuson also faced the possibility of new competition in the market. By 1993, large medical equipment makers--General Electric Company, Siemens A.G. of Germany, and Philips Electronics N.V. of the Netherlands--had not significantly penetrated the ultrasound sector, each having market shares of less than ten percent. Nevertheless, these firms were beginning to realize that, with hospitals scrambling to cut costs, relatively inexpensive ultrasonic systems would prove more attractive to hard-pressed administrators than their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines and computed topography (CT) scanners. Moreover, ultrasound had already replaced MRI and CT as the preferred imaging method in some applications and was well positioned to challenge the two competing modes in cardiology and abdominal imaging. Thus the shift of healthcare dollars to ultrasound promised bigger markets for the industry's leaders in the future. Although smaller companies such as Acuson had proved more flexible and quicker to bring new technologies to market, some large firms considered refocusing their operations to compete in the ultrasound market, representing a palpable threat to Acuson.
Nevertheless, Acuson held an advantage as an established and reputable player in the ultrasound industry. Moreover, the company continued to win praise for its steadfast commitment to product development. Despite the contraction in sales and profits in 1993, the company continued to pour funds into research and development, bolstered by its strong, debt-free balance sheet. In fact, its research and development outlays increased to $58 million--up 22 percent from 1992 levels and representing nearly 20 percent of sales. This expenditure proved worthwhile, since Acuson introduced successful new products, such as Acoustic Response Technology, which provided a significant enhancement to image quality.
Late 1990s: Sequoia, Aspen, and Ecton
Although the Clinton healthcare reform agenda went nowhere, the market for ultrasound equipment remained depressed into the late 1990s because of market saturation and the ascendancy of managed care health plans, which emphasized cost containment. As it had with its first ultrasound system, Acuson hoped to deliver new systems that were superior in quality to anything else on the market, and thereby regain its competitive edge. After seven years of development, Acuson began marketing what it considered a revolutionary new ultrasound system, the Sequoia, in 1996. Ultrasound echoes contain two pieces of information: amplitude, the height of the waves, and phase, the distance between each wave. Conventional ultrasound devices measure only amplitude. The Sequoia was able to produce images based on both amplitude and phase, increasing their sharpness and detail. The price tag was steep, however, with models selling for $200,000 to $350,000, about double the cost of conventional systems (the 128XP, for example, sold at this time for between $75,000 and $160,000). Later in 1996, Acuson introduced the Aspen system, which was based on conventional technology but incorporated some of the advances of the Sequoia. The company positioned it between the 128XP and the Sequoia, pricing it at $150,000 to $250,000. The high cost of launching these new models led to a 1996 net loss of $10.6 million. But the new products also fueled the company's first growth spurt since 1991; revenues for 1997 were $437.8 million, an increase of 26 percent over the previous year. The 1997 net income figure of $22.4 million was the largest since 1992. The profit margin of 5.1 percent, however, was a far cry from the double-digit figures of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In the late 1990s Acuson began to increasingly pursue systems for the cardiology/cardiac sector. In December 1999 the company acquired Ecton, Inc., based in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania. Ecton had developed a portable, all-digital ultrasound system designed particularly for cardiography applications. In addition to its expected high image quality, the Ecton system was noteworthy for its light weight of 20 pounds and its low cost of $40,000 to $60,000. Acuson for the first time would be able to penetrate the $300 million annual market for low- to mid-priced ultrasound equipment. The company planned to market the Ecton system as the Cypress Echocardiography system, with a launch scheduled for the second half of 2000.
In May 2000 Acuson began marketing the AcuNav diagnostic ultrasound catheter, following nearly eight years of development. Aimed at helping in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease and irregular heart rhythms, the AcuNav catheter was a device inserted into a patient's leg or the jugular vein in the neck and then threaded to the right ventricle of the heart; by bouncing high-frequency sound waves off the surrounding tissue, the catheter was able to generate images and blow flow data throughout the entire heart. The AcuNav could be used only once and was priced at $2,000 to $3,000. It was developed in conjunction with the renowned Mayo Clinic, which shared licensing rights. With revenue growth and earnings having stagnated once again in 1998 and 1999, Acuson was hoping that the introduction of the Cypress system and the AcuNav catheter in 2000 would spark a return to the heady years of the 1980s and early 1990s.
Principal Subsidiaries: Acuson Pty. Ltd. (Australia); Acuson GesmbH (Austria); Acuson Belgium SA/NV (Belgium); Acuson Canada Ltd.; Acuson A/S (Denmark); Acuson OY (Finland); Acuson S.A.R.L. (France); Acuson GmbH (Germany); Acuson Hong Kong Ltd.; Acuson S.p.A. (Italy); Acuson Nippon K.K. (Japan); Acuson BV (Netherlands); Acuson A/S (Norway); Acuson Singapore Ltd.; Acuson Iberica SA (Spain); Acuson AB (Sweden); Acuson Ltd. (U.K.); Acuson Foreign Sales Corporation (Virgin Islands); Acuson International Sales Corporation; Acuson Worldwide Sales Corporation; Sound Technology, Inc.; Ecton, Inc.
Principal Competitors: Agfa Corporation; Agilent Technologies, Inc.; ATL Ultrasound, Inc.; Biosound Esaote, Inc.; Cemax-Icon, Inc.; General Electric Company; Hitachi Corporation; R4 Telemedicine Systems, Inc.; Siemens Medical Systems, Inc.; SonoSite, Inc.; Toshiba Medical Systems, Inc.
Further Reading:
'Acuson Gains Low-Cost Portable Ultrasound System via $23 Million Ecton Buy,' Gray Sheet, September 20, 1999.
Anders, George, 'Acuson Plans Heart Catheter Market Entry,' Wall Street Journal, May 5, 1999, p. B6.
Aragon, Lawrence, 'Acuson Probes Human Body for Its Growth,' Business Journal (San Jose), January 7, 1991, p. 1.
------, 'Ultrasound Equipment Makers Hurt by Hospital Spending Cuts,' Business Journal (San Jose), August 3, 1992, p. 1.
Barlas, Pete, 'It All Began in the Womb,' Business Journal (San Jose), January 29, 1996, p. 12.
Barrier, Michael, 'The Ultimate in Ultrasound,' Nation's Business, September 1991, pp. 53--54.
Brammer, Rhonda, 'Ultra-Cheap Ultrasound?,' Barron's, June 7, 1993, p. 20.
Cone, Edward, 'Ultrasound, Ultraprofitable,' Forbes, October 31, 1988, pp. 142--44.
Hall, Carl T., 'The Newest Thing in Ultrasound: Acuson's New Power Tool May Benefit Patients, Company Profits,' San Francisco Chronicle, August 23, 1996, p. B1.
King, Ralph T., Jr., 'Acuson Bets It Has the Breakthrough Device It Needs,' Wall Street Journal, May 13, 1996, p. B3.
Naj, Amal Kumar, 'Big Medical-Equipment Makers Try Ultrasound Market,' Wall Street Journal, November 30, 1993, p. B4.
Raine, George, 'Acuson Clears Up Ultrasound: Company's New Equipment Gives Sharper Image,' San Francisco Examiner, October 29, 1996, p. C1.
Seligman, Philip, 'Acuson Corp.,' Value Line Investment Survey Ratings & Reports, June 17, 1994, p. 195.
'Ultrasound Is Probing New Markets,' Business Week, May 2, 1983, pp. 35--37.
Source: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 36. St. James Press, 2001.
