Maidenform, Inc.
Address:
154 Avenue E
Bayonne, New Jersey 07002-4435
U.S.A.
Telephone: (201) 436-9200
Fax: (201) 436-8322
http://www.maidenform.com
Statistics:
Private Company
Incorporated: 1925 as Enid Manufacturing Company
Employees: 4,000
Sales: $250 million (2001 est.)
NAIC: 315231 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Lingerie, Loungewear, and Nightwear Manufacturing; 448190 Other Clothing Stores; 454111 Electronic Shopping
Key Dates:
1922: Ida and William Rosenthal and Enid Bissett begin making and selling Maiden Form (later Maidenform) brassieres.
1925: The partners incorporate their company as Enid Manufacturing Company.
1926: Manufacturing operations are established in Bayonne, New Jersey.
1930: The company name is changed to Maidenform Brassiere Company.
1949: The famous and long-running Dream advertising campaign is launched.
1960: The company is renamed Maidenform, Inc.
1992: Maidenform acquires True Form Foundations Corp., maker of bodyshapers under the Flexees and Subtract names.
1995: Maidenform acquires NCC Industries, Inc., maker of the Lilyette full-figure bra; mounting debt and falling market share lead to the company's first loss since its founding.
1997: Major restructuring is launched; unable to meet its loan payments, the company files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and the restructuring continues.
1999: Maidenform exits from Chapter 11 status; Oaktree Capital Management, LLC soon emerges as majority owner.
Company History:
Maidenform, Inc. is one of the nation's leading manufacturers of brassieres and other articles of women's intimate apparel. It was a pioneer in the development of brassieres and for many years produced and sold more bras than any other company. In addition to its flagship Maidenform brand, the company also markets Lilyette full-figure bras and Flexees shapewear. Maidenform's products are sold nationwide through department and discount stores, as well as directly from the company in its outlet stores and via the corporate web site. Known as the grande dame of the foundations industry, Maidenform was a family-owned and family-run company for 75 years before being forced to file for bankruptcy protection in July 1997. Two years later the company emerged from bankruptcy aided by the financial assistance of General Electric Capital Corporation, with Oaktree Capital Management, LLC, an investment firm specializing in troubled companies, holding a majority stake.
Maidenform to 1950
Ida Cohen came to the United States from what is now Belarus in 1905. She established a small dressmaker's shop in Hoboken, New Jersey, the following year and married William Rosenthal, a dress wholesaler and manufacturer, in 1907. She moved her shop to New York City in 1919 and three years later relocated on Manhattan's fashionable West 57th Street in partnership with an Englishwoman, Enid Bissett. The partners ran a custom dress business called Enid Frocks.
Mary Phelps Jacob (later known as Caresse Crosby) is credited with inventing the modern brassiere--free of bones and leaving the midriff bare--in 1913. The boyish silhouette favored in the 1920s required the bra to suppress, rather than enhance, the contours of the female bosom. Explaining the circumstances that led her into brassiere manufacturing, Mrs. Rosenthal later said, "In those [flapper-era] days--it was a very sad story--women wore those flat things like bandages, towels with hooks in the back. Now in those days the cheapest dress we made was $125, and it just didn't fit right. So we made a little bra with two pockets. Not too accentuated, of course."
William Rosenthal was an amateur sculptor. He improved his wife's brassiere, employing a fabric called swami, which was similar to soft nylon tricot. His bra also had an elastic center. At first this simple brassiere was built into the dresses that Mrs. Rosenthal and Mrs. Bissett created. But when clients began requesting separate bras, the partners started giving them away with each dress. This proved so successful that in 1922 they began manufacturing brassieres under the Maidenform (originally Maiden Form) name--the name chosen to contrast with the "boyish form" then in vogue--and within a few years left the dress business. In 1925 their company was incorporated as Enid Manufacturing Company, with capital of $4,500 provided by Mrs. Rosenthal, her husband, and Mrs. Bissett. Maidenform established its manufacturing operations in Bayonne, New Jersey, the following year. William Rosenthal, who became president of the company in 1927, took out many patents on brassiere design, including nursing, long-line, and full-figure bras and the first seamed uplift bra. Maidenform was credited with being the first to offer a truly fitted bra cup. Rosenthal also organized a production line, with one seamstress sewing backs, another making straps, and a third sewing together bra cups. His wife assumed charge of sales and financing. The success of the Maidenform brand led the company to change its name to Maidenform Brassiere Company in 1930.
By 1928 Maidenform was making nearly 500,000 brassieres a year. Sales declined only in the Great Depression year of 1932. During World War II the company also made parachutes, head nets, mosquito bars, mattress covers, and a brassiere-like nylon vest for carrying courier pigeons when they traveled with the armed forces, but it always received an allotment of cotton gingham for bras because, in Mrs. Rosenthal's words, "women workers who wore an uplift were less fatigued than others."
Maidenform at midcentury was selling more brassieres than any other U.S. company, with about 10 percent of the market, annual revenue of $14 million, and net profit of nearly $1 million. The 12 million bras it produced in 1950 came in 15 styles, each with more than 100 different combinations of size, cup size, color, and material. Even the simplest Maidenform brassiere consisted of at least 20 separate pieces, and a long-line model might have as many as 50. In addition to the Bayonne plant, Maidenform now was producing bras, bra pads, and garter belts at seven other factories in New Jersey and West Virginia. The company had 9,000 retail accounts selling its brassieres for between $1.25 and $5.
Adapting to the Marketplace: 1950s-70s
During the 1950s Maidenform's biggest seller became Chansonette, a pointy style. William Rosenthal died in 1958 and was succeeded by his widow as president, chairman, and chief executive officer of Maidenform. One year later, Rosenthal's son-in-law, Dr. Joseph A. Coleman, took over the presidency. In 1960, the same year that the company was renamed Maidenform, Inc., Rosenthal estimated that 30 percent of all U.S. women owned a Maidenform bra, and they were being sold in 115 other countries as well. That year the company, after taking in revenue of $34 million in 1959, continued to sell nearly 10 percent of all U.S. bras. By 1961 it also was selling swimsuits equipped with Maidenform bras.
Maidenform's profile in this period owed much to one of the most famous campaigns in advertising history, apparently prompted by the popularization of Freudian psychology in plays and movies of the 1940s. Between 1949 and 1969 the company launched 163 "dream sequence" print ads that showed a model wearing only a Maidenform bra above the waist. In the first one the copy read, "I dreamt I went shopping in my Maidenform bra," but from this prosaic start the campaign moved on to more adventurous activities, with the subject engaged in such dream pastimes as fighting a bull, hunting a tiger, addressing a jury, ascending a balloon, and floating down the Nile in a barge. The revolutionary Dream campaign ran through 1969.
By the mid-1960s Maidenform's annual revenue had reached an estimated $50 million to $55 million, but its well-known name had not kept Playtex, and perhaps Warnaco as well, from surging to the front in bra and girdle sales. Maidenform even briefly had to face competition from designer Rudi Gernreich's No Bra bra, although Ida Rosenthal warned that "after 35 a woman hasn't got the figure to wear nothing." Analysts said the company's conservative styles and reluctance to move heavily into television advertising had cost it sales. After Mrs. Rosenthal suffered a stroke in 1966, her daughter, Beatrice Coleman, became chairman of the company. Dr. Coleman, Beatrice's husband, became president but died two years later, whereupon Mrs. Coleman also assumed the presidency. Ida Rosenthal died in 1973 at the age of 87.
By 1970 Maidenform was making sportswear and lingerie as well as foundation garments. Its girdles and brassieres now also came in stretch materials such as Lycra. Annual sales had reached $65 million to $70 million, with the company's products sold to some 12,000 department and specialty stores through its own sales force. But by the mid-1970s Maidenform had fallen farther behind Playtex in brassiere sales, although the firm maintained it held the top spot in the contemporary segment, which was accounting for about one-quarter of the total market. Maidenform's contemporary bra line included No-Show Naturals, stretch-bra styles with a "softer, more natural frame than the traditional fortress-built bras," according to the company's vice-president for advertising.
Maidenform had annual revenue of about $100 million in 1980, more than 60 percent from brassiere sales. The company now had 14 factories, some of them abroad, making bras, panties, girdles, sleepwear, and swimwear, with some 10 to 15 percent of its production exported. During the late 1970s it continued to shift emphasis not only from cotton and nylon to stretch materials but also from basic white to a variety of colors. Maidenform introduced three coordinated bra and panty lines: stretch-lace Private Affairs and satin-and-lace Chantilly and Sweet Nothings, and successfully worked to place them in department store lingerie departments. Ten million Sweet Nothing bras had been sold by 1987, making it the industry's bestseller.
"Gradually we took a lesson from sportswear, and color and prettiness came in," Mrs. Coleman told a New York Times reporter in 1980. "Within the last five years, our production of white garments has shrunk to about half." She said the company had been profitable every year since its founding. Nevertheless, swimwear and sportswear, manufactured for Donald Brooks for about five years, proved unprofitable and eventually were dropped. The company also lost money on a short-lived jeans venture.
Advertising in the 1980s and 1990s
During the early 1970s Maidenform shifted 95 percent of its print-advertising dollars into television. Because TV stations would not show live models in their scanties, however, the company was reduced to unsatisfactory alternatives such as the 1976 "chorus line" theme that clad the dancers in top hat, vest, cuffs, and bra over leotards.
Maidenform then returned to relying on print ads. The campaign adopted in 1979 harkened back to the exhibitionist "dream" concept. Women were depicted parading in their underwear in public places such as a theater lobby, an antiques shop, and a basketball court--even descending from a helicopter with attaché case. One ad showed the model as a physician in a hospital, another in a train station with fully clothed men. The caption read: "The Maidenform woman. You never know where she'll turn up." Times had changed, however, and in 1981 and 1982 Women Against Pornography awarded the company a plastic pig for sexist advertising. Maidenform toned down the campaign in 1983, continuing to display models in the company's intimate apparel, but doing their fantasizing at home, with no men present.
In 1987 Maidenform introduced a TV ad campaign that, instead of displaying women wearing the company's products, featured leading men such as Omar Sharif, Michael York, Christopher Reeve, and Pierce Brosnan discussing lingerie. Feminists objected to what they regarded as the implication that women wear undergarments mainly for men, so in 1991 the company, to deplore sexism, showed images of a chick, tomato, fox, cat, and dog in one TV ad and stereotyped women like schoolmarms and strippers in another. But feminists said the campaign was actually promoting what it affected to deplore.
In 1997 Maidenform introduced an expensive new print-advertising campaign carrying the theme "Maidenform Unhooked" to promote a less formal, more contemporary image for the company's products. A number of women appeared in brassieres, alongside copy such as, "Most men don't notice my eyes are hazel" and "No one lays a hand on them without loving me first."
Falling into Bankruptcy in the 1990s
By 1989 Maidenform had dropped loungewear and sleepwear but was making lingerie items such as slips, petticoats, and camisoles. Garter belts had made a comeback, too. "They are a very hot item," Mrs. Coleman told a reporter. "I don't know what people do with them, but they are considered very sexy." The company also had introduced an Oscar de la Renta lingerie collection, consisting of about 30 daywear and foundation styles. In 1992 Maidenform acquired True Form Foundations Corp., a $40-million-a-year manufacturer of bodyshapers under the Flexees and Subtract names.
Mrs. Coleman died in 1990 and was succeeded as president by son-in-law Robert Brawer, husband of one of Coleman's two daughters, Catherine C. Brawer. Taking over as chairman was Coleman's other daughter, Elizabeth J. Coleman, an Atlanta lawyer. Maidenform's main factory remained in Bayonne, but there were five others in Puerto Rico, two each in Mexico and the Dominican Republic, one each in Costa Rica and Jamaica, and a cut-and-sew plant in Florida. A 250,000-square-foot distribution center was opened in Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1992. Another distribution center was in Jacksonville, Florida. The company, which in 1985 also had opened a duty-free distribution and processing center in Shannon, Ireland, formed a European subsidiary in Hilden, Germany, in 1991. It closed a longtime production facility in Huntington, West Virginia, in 1992.
Maidenform began offering seamless bras in all its lines in 1994. That year it introduced a second Oscar de la Renta collection of bras and coordinated panties, aimed at younger customers. In 1995 the Maidenform name was added to a line of bras and coordinated panties under the Self Expressions label. The new line was aimed at mass merchandisers.
Brawer retired in 1995 and was succeeded as president and CEO by Elizabeth Coleman. That year the company acquired 92 percent of NCC Industries, Inc. from NCC's largest shareholder, German underwear manufacturer Triumph International Overseas Ltd., for $9.8 million in cash and 28.2 percent of Maidenform's common stock. NCC manufactured the Lilyette full-figured bra, a licensed line of Bill Blass bras and panties, and merchandise under the Minimizer and Reflections names. "It was a strategic acquisition for Maidenform," the new CEO told a reporter. "Our market is mostly for average to smaller sizes. And 35 percent of the bra market is full-figure." The purchase also added $126 million to Maidenform's annual sales, which were running close to $300 million. NCC's sales, however, came only to $99.8 million in 1996.
Coleman acknowledged in August 1996 that Maidenform had undergone "some cash-flow issues" earlier in the year. The company had, in 1995, entered into a revolving-credit arrangement for $120 million and had also taken out a $50 million term loan and issued $30 million in senior notes, pledging NCC's assets and stocks as collateral. At the end of 1996 its bank borrowings came to $171.2 million. A new agreement signed in December 1996 raised the revolving-credit line to $150 million. Maidenform lost money during both 1995 ($35.5 million) and 1996 ($75.5 million on sales of $396 million) and was reported to have defaulted from time to time on loan agreements during 1996. It also sold inventory below cost during the year in order to raise cash. VF Corporation, a $5-billion-a-year clothing manufacturer, signed a letter of intent in March 1997 to acquire Maidenform. Talks broke off, however, two weeks later.
In May 1997 Ted Stenger, a corporate turnaround expert, was hired as president to address the financial troubles as well as operational difficulties. Maidenform had run into difficulty integrating its two acquisitions and had fallen behind in tracking inventory and delivering it to stores. Stenger began restructuring Maidenform's operations, aiming to achieve annual savings of $40 million by consolidating the True Form and NCC subsidiaries into the parent company, reducing the company's three divisions into two, and slashing the product offerings to a tighter core of three main brands: Maidenform, Lilyette, and Flexees. But, saddled with $245.1 million in liabilities, and with its lenders unwilling to provide additional financing, Maidenform was forced to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in July 1997. By doing so, the company was able to continue the restructuring process backed by a $50 million infusion of debtor-in-possession financing.
In December 1997 management of Maidenform by the Rosenthal/Coleman family ended with the resignation of Elizabeth Coleman. Stenger took over the CEO responsibilities on an interim basis, while an entirely new board of directors was elected consisting of four outsiders and Stenger. That same month, the company launched a massive downsizing involving the closure of all of its facilities in Puerto Rico along with two of its three distribution centers--the ones in Cortland, New York, and Jacksonville. All domestic distribution would now be handled through the facility in North Carolina. These closures entailed the elimination of 1,200 jobs, or 18 percent of the workforce. Restructuring charges contributed to a loss of $111.6 million for 1997; revenues dropped 40 percent that year, to about $250 million, as a result of the operational difficulties and the cutbacks in the product lines. Maidenform abandoned most of its private-label business in order to focus on its core brands and also dropped the licensed Oscar de la Renta line. About 35 outlet stores were also shut down, leaving the company with 70.
Paul Mischinski replaced Stenger as CEO in March 1998. Mischinski, who was one of the new members of the Maidenform board, had spent more than a decade and a half in various executive positions at Sara Lee Corporation, including a three-year stint as the head of the Bali Company division. Also brought onboard as head of Maidenform Brands was another executive from an intimate apparel competitor, Maurice Reznik, who had been president of the Warner's division of the Warnaco Group, Inc. With the financial situation at the company stabilizing, the new leaders placed great emphasis on revitalizing the new product pipeline. Late in 1998 Maidenform introduced a line of convertible bras called Customize It by Maidenform, which could be worn three different ways; according to Reznik the new line received the biggest launch in company history.
Maidenform finally exited Chapter 11 status in July 1999, having secured $60 million in asset-based financing from General Electric Capital Corporation. The reorganization involved the conversion of debt into equity, and GE Capital thus gained a majority stake in Maidenform. But Oaktree Capital Management, LLC, an investment firm specializing in troubled companies, soon emerged as the majority owner.
A Firmer Foundation in the Early 2000s
Maidenform achieved an 11 percent increase in revenues in 2000 aided by new product launches. Shapewear was proving to be the biggest growth category, surging 35 percent in 2000 and 70 percent over a two-year period. The company also gained a modest boost in sales from the November 1999 relaunch of the company web site with the goal of offering consumers an improved shopping experience. Maidenform also had come a long way in fixing the problems in the supply chain. The sputtering economy and a weak retail climate provided the company with new challenges, but Maidenform secured a fresh infusion of $82.5 million in cash and a $60 million revolving line of credit from Congress Financial, a unit of First Union Bank, in May 2001.
In August 2001 Thomas J. Ward succeeded Mischinski as president and CEO. Ward was the former president and COO of WestPoint Stevens Inc., a major producer of bed linens and bath towels. In January 2002 Maidenform introduced the One Fabulous Fit bra, which featured an ultrathin, stretch-foam style overlaid with very soft nylon and Lycra spandex. Later that year the company announced that it was boosting its annual ad spending to $6 million and would launch its first national advertising campaign in years in early 2003. This campaign centered around a new tag line, "This Is the One That Will Become Everyone's Favorite Bra." The new product got off to a very good start and soon became the top-selling bra in U.S. department stores.
Maidenform's future as an independent company remained very much in doubt throughout the post-bankruptcy period. Reports of talks with other companies interested in acquiring the firm and its three principal brands surfaced periodically, most often involving VF or Kellwood Company. Some observers speculated that a Kellwood-Maidenform deal would be ideal, given the former's strength in private-label clothing and the latter's strong branded business. Meantime, Maidenform continued to pursue new growth opportunities, announcing in April 2003 that it had signed four new licensing pacts involving sports and maternity bras, women's slippers, women's socks, and bra accessories.
Further Reading:
- Agovino, Theresa, "New Maidenform CEO Changing Firm's Shape," Crain's New York Business, May 20, 1991, pp. 3+.
- Areddy, James T., "Maidenform, Run by Founding Family, Sells Image As Well As Intimate Apparel," Wall Street Journal, October 23, 1989.
- Baltera, Lorraine, "Maidenform Goes on Stage for Dream Theme Revival," Advertising Age, April 26, 1976, p. 39.
- Cook, Joan, "A Maidenform Dream Come True," New York Times, December 9, 1965, p. 62.
- DesMarteau, Kathleen, "Maidenform Finds 'Bricks and Clicks' Balance," Bobbin, May 2000, pp. 12, 18.
- Detman, Art, Jr., "Survival of the Fittest," Sales Management, June 1, 1966, pp. 43-44, 46, 48.
- Dougherty, Philip H., "Advertising: Years of Maidenform Dreams," New York Times, September 10, 1967, Sec. 3, p. 16.
- Elliott, Stuart, "Maidenform Aims for Soccer Moms and Just About Everyone Else," New York Times, March 12, 1997, p. D2.
- Ettorre, Barbara, "The Maidenform Woman Returns," New York Times, June 1, 1980, Sec. 3, p. 3.
- "Ida Rosenthal," Time, October 24, 1960, p. 92.
- "Ida Rosenthal, Co-Founder of Maidenform, Dies," New York Times, March 30, 1973, p. 42.
- Kanner, Bernice, "The Bra's Not for Burning," New York, December 12, 1983, pp. 26, 29-30.
- ------, "Sending Up the Bra," New York, December 17, 1990, p. 19.
- King, Thomas R., "Maidenform Ads Focus on Stereotypes," Wall Street Journal, December 10, 1990, p. B6.
- "Maidenform's Mrs. R.," Fortune, July 1950, pp. 75-76, 130, 132.
- Monget, Karen, "Coleman: Keeping Maidenform Fit," Women's Wear Daily, August 5, 1996, pp. 14, 16.
- ------, "Maidenform Clinches Deal with Triumph for 92% of NCC," Women's Wear Daily, April 27, 1995, p. 2.
- ------, "Maidenform: Shaping Its Own Future," Women's Wear Daily, November 5, 1992, p. 8.
- ------, "Maidenform's Firmer Foundation," Women's Wear Daily, September 25, 2000, p. 16.
- ------, "Maidenform's New Foundation," Women's Wear Daily, March 18, 2002, p. 8.
- ------, "Maidenform: The Nightmare's Over," Women's Wear Daily, August 30, 1999, p. 16.
- ------, "VF Inks Letter of Intent to Acquire Maidenform," Women's Wear Daily, March 26, 1997, p. 2.
- Monget, Karen, and Thomas J. Ryan, "Maidenform Files Chapter 11, Expects to Obtain $50M DIP," Women's Wear Daily, July 23, 1997, pp. 1+.
- Morris, Michele, "The Mother Figure of Maidenform," Working Woman, April 1987, pp. 82, 86, 88.
- Palumbo, Sandra, "Maidenform, Looking Back, Moving Forward," Women's Wear Daily, January 5, 1987, p. 14.
- Ryan, Thomas J., "Maidenform Redux," Women's Wear Daily, July 27, 1998, p. 18B.
- ------, "$75.5 Million Loss in '96 Foreshadowed Maidenform's Chapter 11," Women's Wear Daily, July 28, 1997, pp. 1+.
- Sacco, Joe, "Dreams for Sale: How the One for Maidenform Came True," Advertising Age, September 12, 1977, pp. 63-64.
- Steinhauser, Jennifer, "Maidenform's Problems Reflect Industry Pitfalls," New York Times, July 24, 1997, pp. D1, D4.
Source: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.59. St. James Press, 2004.
